Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Essay Example for Free

Intellectual Behavioral Therapy Essay In the mid 1960’s there was a float towards Cognitive Behavior Therapy as individuals dismissed out of dissatisfaction in the psychodynamic hypothesis for psychotherapy. Likewise as of now social learning hypothesis was the new and up and coming examination. This is when Cognitive hypothesis developed with Alfred Adler. He was the main Cognitive advisor who concocted the possibility that a people convictions and thoughts is the thing that makes up their conduct (Lantz, 1996). He accepted that this sort of psychotherapy would permit the customers to make changes in the manner they think to change their conduct and take care of their issues. Alfred Adler was not by any means the only supporter of Cognitive hypothesis. Between the late 1950’s and mid 1960’s Albert Ellis thought of broken reasoning or feelings that originate from nonsensical convictions. He searched out to change these muddled feelings with psychotherapy and by testing these convictions. His books are very notable and utilized a great deal of by various advisor. He is essentially viewed as the granddad of Cognitive Behavior Therapy and his ABC model is utilized broadly. Albert concocted Rational-emotive treatment, which was later on changed to Rational-emotive conduct treatment since Ellis needed his customers to follow up on their new convictions by incorporating them (Wilde, 1996, p. 9). Other people who have added to Cognitive hypothesis have been William Glasser, Arnold Lazarus, Don Tosi, Victor Ramy, Maxie Maultsby, Aron Beck and some more. William Glasser utilized powerful psychotherapy to enable his customers to discover mental fortitude to change their way of life and become progressively capable of their objectives. He did this by calling attention to the value of self and the fundamental human should be cherished. His ‘reality therapy’ comprised of his customers concentrating on moral obligation to comprehend their own existence (Lantz, 1996). Arnold Lazarus concocted the seven methods of the customer that help survey their working. These seven modes are sensation, symbolism, insight, conduct influence, relational living and medications (Lantz, 1996). These modes, as per Lazarus, would help concoct a treatment plan that would help the customer in every aspect of their capacity lives. Wear Tosi added to Cognitive hypothesis by intergrading spellbinding with the treatment. Entrancing is utilized to enable the customers to picture their musings in a solid manner through investigation and redirection (Lantz, 1996). Victor Ramy concentrated his work on helping customers change their self-idea. His books tell the best way to enable a customer to work with and change the intellectual misconception of themselves. Maxie Maultsby utilized the ABC model as utilized by Albert Ellis however he likewise contributed by utilizing normal conduct treatment with adolescents, for self improvement gatherings, and gathering treatment. Aron Beck was a therapist who utilized psychological treatment to help his customers who had nervousness and character issue. He did broad research on powerful Cognitive treatment and how it helps customers with a scope of individual issues from self-destructive patients to the individuals who have marginal character issue. A large number of the individuals who added to Cognitive treatment were not social specialists. The primary social laborer that utilized Cognitive treatment was Harold Werner. Werner battled right off the bat when he attempted to carry Cognitive treatment to social work as the individuals who had a psychoanalytical perspective assaulted him. His endeavors permitted the hypothesis to be acknowledged in the social work field. Howard Goldstein likewise carried Cognitive treatment into the social work calling. Conduct hypothesis is a blend of various speculations consolidated and it previously occurred in the primary quarter of this century. Crafted by Ivan Pavlov and his old style molding hypothesis, crafted by B.F. Skinner and J.B. Watson and their operant condition hypothesis and crafted by Bandura on the social learning hypothesis is totally consolidated in the conduct hypothesis. The old style molding hypothesis expresses that an adapted upgrade can cause an adapted reaction with the well known case of Pavlov and the salivating hound. This is a conduct that is found out and that can be utilized to help customers during treatment particularly the individuals who have tension issue. The operant molding utilizes human conduct and looks at it. Skinner accepted that conduct was quantifiable and that specific circumstances cause human to respond is sure ways. When these practices are found out through the logical technique we can foreordain a customers activities and help them with either negative or encouraging comments. This will either increment or diminishing the client’s conduct in the event that the conduct is rebuffed or emphatically fortified. In the late 60’s is when conduct hypothesis turned into a leader with clinical social work. As of now the psychodynamic speculations were enduring an onslaught and another hypotheses were searched out. Social learning hypothesis centers around utilizing the ABC model that Albert Ellis used to support customers. This includes finding the forerunners, target practices, and result in ones tricky conduct. Forerunners is the thing that the customer was doing before the circumstance happened, target conduct is the conduct that should be changed or centered around and the outcome is the outcome as a result of their objective conduct (Thomlison, 1996). These three are broke down to make sense of what necessities to change in the conduct to get an other positive outcome or to perceive how the circumstance can be maintained a strategic distance from. Standards and Concepts: There are four fundamental ideas to Cognitive hypothesis. The principal utilizes Albert Ellis’s ABC model to manage the feelings we feel and the manner in which we consider our circumstances and ourselves. The ABC model causes us recognize our contemplations and afterward encourages us control our feelings (Lantz, 1996). In the event that what we are thinking during a circumstance is silly, at that point our feelings will be wild and nonsensical moreover. On the off chance that we have sound contemplations, at that point our feelings will be utilitarian. On the off chance that our trigger conduct causes silly feelings, at that point we have to discover objective feelings to supplant the unreasonable conviction (Wilde, 1996, p. 33). The second fundamental idea to Cognitive hypothesis is that these silly convictions are in our oblivious and we don't know about them. This may make it hard to discover what the contemplations are and why we have broken feelings. To enable our customers to see their silly convictions we need to permit them to learn misguided judgments about themselves so they are increasingly mindful of their contemplations. Nonsensical accepts lead to irrational feelings, which makes the customer respond in a preposterous manner, however there are exactions to these kinds of circumstance, which is fundamental idea three (Lantz, 1996). Now and then the manner in which we feel has nothing to do with our silly convictions. What we are feeling is truly obvious or there could be a neurological or other medical issue, which can cause a person to feel down or furious or upset. A uniqueness in the mind science can cause useless feelings. Ultimately all silly feelings are not generally broken which implies a discerning conviction can be useless moreover. A customer may get kind of ‘high’ or energized from something risky, for example, a firearm. Playing with a weapon may give a customer a sentiment of fervor and satisfaction however it isn't sheltered to play with firearms. Feeling glad or energized isn't viewed as a useless feeling yet for this situation we would need to show the customer the misguided judgment in their psyche that playing with firearms is sheltered or fun. Subjective hypothesis permits an individual to perceive their condition and their circumstance both genuinely and publicly and it permits them to work through and transform it (Lantz, 1996). A fundamental idea to Behavior hypothesis is that all conduct is found out and that individual have risky practices. As per Skinner our social issues can be estimated through our conduct. By changing the earth and fortifying the customer with either uplifting feedback or negative fortification we can get them to change their conduct. The boosts from the fortification will permit the customer to either change or expel the conduct (Thomlison, 1996). Social learning hypothesis, which includes the ABC model, gives us how conduct can improve. Similitudes and Differences: The greatest likeness between Cognitive hypothesis and Behavior hypothesis is the interlacing of the Social Learning Theory. The two of them utilize the ABC model and take a gander at the forerunners, practices, and outcomes of every circumstance. With Cognitive hypothesis, the trigger conduct accompanies a silly conviction that should be changed. Customers intermittently have silly convictions during their conduct. After the outcome happens the ABC model will assist us with demonstrating them their unreasonable convictions and instruct them that with an objective conviction an alternate result could have occurred. With Behavior hypothesis a comparative example is utilized. The issue is recognized and the objective conduct is seen by the social laborer other savvy known as ‘behavior analysis’ (Thomlison, 1996). The social specialist at that point works with the customers on changing both the precursors and the outcomes to accomplish an alternate conduct. Changing the forerunner is known as controlling nature condition (Streff, Geller, 1986). The predecessor is changed to build a positive conduct in the circumstance. The outcome is utilized as fortification either positive or negative. The fortification takes into consideration an adjustment in conduct. The distinction between the two hypotheses is that one spotlights on the convictions and feelings that one has about themselves and the conduct that originates from these convictions and the different spotlights on tricky conduct and the fortifications that change this sort of conduct. Conduct treatment utilizes both positive and negative fortifications and Cognitive treatment centers around disposing of the negative conduct or feeling and supplanting

The Power Of The Declaration Essay Example For Students

The Power Of The Declaration Essay Force and The Declaration of IndependenceThere are numerous reflections in the Declaration of Independence. These deliberations, for example, rights, opportunity, freedom and joy have become the establishments of American culture and have assisted with forming the American Identity. Force, another reflection that reoccurs in all the significant pieces of the Declaration of Independence assumes a similarly significant job in molding American Identity. One overlooks the reflection of intensity, since it shows up corresponding to different foundations: the governing body, the King, the earth, and the military. The reflection of intensity establishes the pace of the Declaration, and shapes the homesteaders origination of government and society. Force in the Declaration of Independence streams from particular bodies inside society, for example, the King, the council, the military, and the pioneers. We will compose a custom article on The Power Of The Declaration explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now The English Dictionary characterizes power as, the capacity to do or impact something or anything, or to follow up on someone or something. All through the ages as indicated by the word reference the word power has hinted comparable implications. In 1470 the word power intended to have quality and the capacity to accomplish something. Almost 300 years after the fact in 1785 the word power conveyed a similar importance of control, quality, and power, capacity to deliver an impact, assumes power not to create it; else it isn't power however need. This definition clarifies how the intensity of government and social organizations rests in their capacity to order individuals, rocks, settlements to accomplish something they in any case would not do. To make individuals make good on charges. To make the stones structure into a fence. To make the pilgrims respect the lord. The colonialists receive this understanding of intensity. They consider capacity to be a merciless power that has marrie d them to a lord who has a past filled with rehashed wounds and usurpations. The composers of the Declaration of Independence likewise accept that forces given by God to the individuals must not be usurped. The contention between these circles of intensity the pioneers accept, legitimizes their insubordination. The employments of the word power set the pace of the Declaration of Independence. In the primary sentence of the Declaration homesteaders censure the Kings infringement of forces given by God to all men. When in the Course of human occasions it gets fundamental for one individuals to disintegrate the political groups which have associated them with another, and to expect among forces of the earth, the different and equivalent station to which the Laws of Nature and of natures God Entitle them (Wills 375). In this entry the journalists of the Declaration of Independence are disclosing their ethical case to revolt. This correct discovers its establishment on their understanding of the reflection of intensity. Homesteaders see power as bifurcated, a power the King uses to persecute them, and a power given to them by God permitting them to revolt. In the Declaration of Independence the settlers likewise expound on power as a negative power. In the accompanying statement power takes on a contrary significance since power rests in the hands of the King and not the individuals, to make others be chosen; whereby the Legislative forces, unequipped for Annihilation, have returned (Wills 376). Force when referenced in relationship with the intensity of the individuals to make their own laws has a positive implication, He has influenced to render the Military autonomous of and better than Civil force (Wills 377). These two unique employments of the word power change the significance and tone of t he Declaration of Independence. The significance changes from only a Declaration of Independence from Britain in view of different infringement of expense laws, military consumptions, and pioneers rights; to a principal contradiction about force. Regardless of whether the King or common specialists reserve a privilege to control. The pilgrims have faith in the decentralization of intensity. The British help a unified government. The pioneers accept force should stream upward from the individuals to the rulers. The British accept force should stream descending from the King to the subjects. .udbfdc9d10124d98437987dc1732db981 , .udbfdc9d10124d98437987dc1732db981 .postImageUrl , .udbfdc9d10124d98437987dc1732db981 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .udbfdc9d10124d98437987dc1732db981 , .udbfdc9d10124d98437987dc1732db981:hover , .udbfdc9d10124d98437987dc1732db981:visited , .udbfdc9d10124d98437987dc1732db981:active { border:0!important; } .udbfdc9d10124d98437987dc1732db981 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .udbfdc9d10124d98437987dc1732db981 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .udbfdc9d10124d98437987dc1732db981:active , .udbfdc9d10124d98437987dc1732db981:hover { haziness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .udbfdc9d10124d98437987dc1732db981 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .udbfdc9d10124d98437987dc1732db981 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content design: underline; } .udbfdc9d10124d98437987dc1732db981 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .udbfdc9d10124d98437987dc1732db981 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content embellishment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .udbfdc9d10124d98437987dc1732db981:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .udbfdc9d10124d9 8437987dc1732db981 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .udbfdc9d10124d98437987dc1732db981-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .udbfdc9d10124d98437987dc1732db981:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Real Estate Investment Trusts EssayThe two distinct employments of the word power additionally change the tone of the report. The homesteaders meaning of intensity as coercive in the hands of the King and great in the hands of common specialists recognizes the King as the foe. He assumes the job of the foe since he grasps the force in pre-provincial society. The tone of the Declaration of Independence turns out to be progressively serious; the Declarations denouncing of the key force uneven characters between the provinces and the King make the break between the two unbridgeable. The break between the settlements and the King be came an expense or approach distinction any longer, however a principal philosophical contrast. The settlers importance of the word power changes relying upon who has the force. In the hands of the King power adulterates, in the hands of the settlers and individuals it takes on divine characteristics. The settlers examination of who has power entrances. The pilgrims accept capacity to be a power that radiates from fixed focuses in the public eye. Interestingly increasingly present day masterminds, for example, Nietzche and Foucault accept power streams all through the entirety of society. The pilgrims see, in England power radiates straightforwardly from the King. Due to this understanding they censure the King for the numerous wrongs they list in the body of the Declaration of Independence. The homesteaders don't accuse the individuals of England or the English Legislature. This permits the tone of the Declaration of Independence to mollify. Rather, of being an assault on the foundations of English society, the Declaration just assaults the King, the holder of intensity. Fouca ults translation of intensity would contrast forcefully from the composers of the Declaration of Independence. Foucault considers capacity to be originating from the numerous advances that society uses to control individuals: charge frameworks the law, male centric society, family frameworks, governing bodies, and even vote based system. These advancements as per Foucault all speak to various manners by which society controls its individuals (Foucault 307). The King, under Foucaults understanding of intensity uncovers little obligation regarding the complaint pilgrims have with England. The King in his view assumes just a job in the trap of various advances of control. Foucault would consider the To be as being constrained by numerous individuals of the powers in the public eye. Satisfying his job isn't so much his appearance of his capacity as the intensity of English society and its capacity to control the settlements and their occupants. On the off chance that the pioneers when c omposing the Declaration of Independence had this origination of intensity as a top priority at that point, the tone of the record would have been a lot more grounded prosecuting all of English society. The homesteaders understanding of intensity has genuine repercussions on the ensuing detailing of the US government. Since the homesteaders philosophical break with England was over the intensity of the King; the composers of the Declaration of Independence tried to keep a government from emerging in the United States. They tried to scatter power among the states and set up an arrangement of counterbalancing parts of government that would keep any single branch from having an excessive amount of intensity. The thoughts of federalism and decentralization were an immediate outgrowth of the pioneers understanding of intensity. Force, in the Declaration of Independence conveys something other than linguistic noteworthiness to the archive. It shapes the reports significance, making it thoughtfully cruel toward the organization of the King and tempered towar

Hammond

Hammond Hammond. 1 City (1990 pop. 84,236), Lake co., extreme NW Ind., bounded by Lake Michigan, the Ill. state line, and the Little Calumet River, and traversed by the Grand Calumet River; settled 1851, inc. 1884. Originally important as a slaughterhouse site, Hammond was a meatpacking town until its great packing house was destroyed by fire in 1901. Manufactures include foods, fabricated metal and petroleum products, chemicals, machinery, and transportation equipment. It has secondary steel processing and fire brick refractories. A campus of Purdue Univ. is there. 2 City (1990 pop. 15,871), Tangipahoa parish, SE La.; inc. 1888. Truck farms, beef and dairy cattle, and timber are important. Manufactures include building materials, consumer goods, paper and metal products, and machinery. There is also meat processing. The city is the seat of Southeastern Louisiana Univ. and the home of the Black Heritage Festival. Zemurry Gardens and the Global Wildlife Park also are there. The Colum bia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

Taming Of The Shrew And 10 Things I Hate About You Analysis

‘What is Love, baby don’t hurt me, Baby don’t hurt me†¦ no more’ Love is represented in many shapes and ideas based on social context as well as those caught within. William Shakespeare’s Taming of the Shrew as well as its adaptation 10 Things I Hate About You by Gil Junger, represent their respective ideas on love which shares its similarities and differences, both portraying love in their own forms. Both texts highlight the ideals of love in their context as well as one of the main courtships, Katharina and Petruchio, involved in love, portraying their values of love. The transformation of love within context shapes Katharina’s personality in Taming of the Shrew. Kate’s transformation is submerged within a patriarchal context in this†¦show more content†¦Kat at the start of this film is socially repellent. In her English class, she portrays her intelligence within the class which Joey replies with ‘As opposed to a bitter, self-righteous hag who has no friends?’ which all of his friends laugh and high five him. As you can tell, much like Hortensio and Gremio, this is another dehumanising statement and his friend’s reaction emphasises the male disgust towards Kat. Additionally, her own sister Bianca tells Cameron how she feels about Kat, describing her as a ‘hideous breed of loser†¦ unsolved mystery†¦a bitch.’ All descriptions of her sister highlight she is hated by all of her peers and HER OWN SISTER, even though in this context female individuality is acceptable. However, at the end , Kat has evolved from who she was once. Kat has a speech which is a clear parallel to Katharina’s monologue. Kat states ‘I hate the way you talk†¦ I hate it when you stare†¦ I hate it when you make me laugh, even worse when you make me cry†¦ I hate it that you’re not around†¦ I hate the way I don’t hate you, not even close, not even a little bit, not even at all.’ The anaphoric repetition creates a cumulative listing effect emphasising each statement intensively in which it is reversed due to the double meaning in the last few lines, making the audience question whether she ‘hates’ that list. As well as that, when she says ‘cry’, there is a medium shotShow MoreRelatedReview Of 10 Things I Hate About You Chick Flick Essay1077 Words   |  5 Pages Name: Menna Alaa Student number: 142 Subject: Women Studies 10 Things I Hate About You Chick Flick Analysis A Chick Flick as broadly agreed upon is the kind of films that mostly appeal to a female audience. Even the name itself is a bit offensive. It implies that films having female characters are appealing just to women spectators, and films with men, as protagonists are more commonly considered as widespread, whileRead More10 Things I Hate about You and The Taming of the Shrew1171 Words   |  5 Pagesfilm â€Å"10 Things I Hate About You† is based loosely on William Shakespeare’s 15th century play â€Å"The Taming of the Shrew†. The misogynistic play tells the story of how Petrucio essentially torments his headstrong wife, Katharina (also called â€Å"Katherine† and â€Å"Kate†) until she â€Å"becomes a compliant and obedient bride† (wikipedia). The story simultaneously follows the story of many suitors competing for the love of Katharina’s sister, Bianca (Wikipedia). The film adaptation, â€Å"10 Things I Hate About You†Read Mor ewisdom,humor and faith19596 Words   |  79 Pages AND FAITH: A HISTORICAL VIEW â€Å"And frame your mind to mirth and merriment, / Which bars a thousand harms and lengthens life.† Shakespeare, The Taming of the Shrew, Induction, Scene 2. â€Å"Laughter without a tinge of philosophy is but a sneeze of humor. Genuine humor is replete with wisdom.† Mark Twain, quoted in Opie Percival Read, Mark Twain and I (1940), 17. â€Å"Humor offers both a form of wisdom and a means of survival in a threatening world. It demands that we reckon with the realities of human

Dea Is A United States Department Of Justice Enforcement...

The Drug Enforcement Administration also known as DEA is a United States Department of Justice law enforcement agency. Their purposes is to enforce the law to stop the sale of illegal drugs, drug trafficking, investigate major crimes within the United States and internationally, and to secure and protect our communities from ever confronting drugs. D.E.A. also cooperates with many major law enforcement agencies such as federal, state, local, and overseas law enforcement agencies to stop criminals from smuggling drugs in our territory and help the people from getting involved with drugs. Other responsibilities include investigating major crimes, carrying out mission, and detain drug traffickers operations in interstate and international†¦show more content†¦The United States have declared that it is doing its best to combat the war on drugs. The drug problem has not stopped and the people continue to buy drugs no matter what circumstances they are obtained. With drugs prices rising, people are willing do anything to get drugs even if it leads them to become involved in criminal activities such as robbery. The money and military activity have not been enough, and the â€Å"urban problem,† has not been resolved. The United States has the largest demand of drugs in the world. While other countries also face the drug problem, the United States has spent the most money and law enforcement; however, its effectiveness is questionable. Consequently, now there is a great amount of drugs coming from Mexico’s borderline into the United States. The drug cartels have become more violent, killing Mexican officers and innocent people in order to smuggle their drugs. The United States needs more security control and better coordination between agencies to fight the violent Mexican drug war spilling across the southern border. There is not enough organization between the D.E.A and other groups such as the Department of Homeland Security. The United States has little hope of winning the war unless enough protection on the border and Border States are developed. The agencies need better coordination between the federal, state and locals agencies in order to prevent more drugs to cross

Operation Management Case Free Essays

1. The RD department is planning to bid on a large project for the development of a new communication system for commercial planes. The accompanying table shows the activities, times, and sequences required: |Activity |Immediate Predecessor |Time (weeks) | |A |- |3 | |B |A |2 | |C |A |4 | |D |A |4 | |E |B |6 | |F |C, D |6 | |G |D, F |2 | |H |D |3 | |I |E, G, H |3 | a. We will write a custom essay sample on Operation Management Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now Construct the appropriate network diagram. (10 points) [pic] [pic] b. What is the project completion time? A-C-F-G-I OR A-D-F-G-I =3+4+6+2+3=18 WEEKS . Suppose you want to shorten the completion time as much as possible, and you have the following options each at an additional cost of $1500: 1) Reduce activity C by one week; 2) Reduce activity D by one week; 3) Reduce activity G by one week; If you will save $2000 for each week that the earliest completion time is reduced, which option, if any, would you choose? (10 points) C, D, G are good options to choose, and the cost are less than $2000. 2. The following table represents a plan for a project: | |Time Estimates (days) | |Job No. Predecessor Job(s) |Optimistic |Most likely |Pessimistic | |1 |- |2 |3 |4 | |2 |1 |1 |2 |3 | |3 |1 |4 |5 |12 | |4 |1 |3 |4 |11 | |5 |2 |1 |3 |5 | |6 |3 |1 |2 |3 | |7 |4 |1 |8 |9 | |8 |5, 6 |2 |4 |6 | |9 |8 |2 |4 |12 | |10 |7 |3 |4 |5 | |11 |9, 10 |5 |7 |8 | a. Construct the appropriate network diagram. (10 points) [pic][pic] b. Which jobs can be delayed without delaying the entire project? (10 points) The critical path is 1-4-7-10-11, thus, the job could be delayed are 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9 c. What is the expected completion time for the project? (20 points) |Job No. |a |m |b |ET |AV | 1 |2 |3 |4 |3 |0. 33 | |2 |1 |2 |3 |2 |0. 33 | |3 |4 |5 |12 |6 |1. 33 | |4 |3 |4 |11 |5 |1. 33 | |5 |1 |3 |5 |3 |0. 67 | |6 |1 |2 |3 |2 |0. 33 | |7 |1 |8 |9 |7 |1. 33 | |8 |2 |4 |6 |4 |0. 67 | |9 |2 |4 |12 |5 |1. 67 | |10 |3 |4 |5 |4 |0. 33 | |11 |5 |7 |8 |6. 83 |0. 50 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | d. Is the probability that the project will take less than 27 days to complete larger than 50% or smaller than 50%? (10 points) How to cite Operation Management Case, Essay examples

The Arch Duke Francis Ferdinand Essays - , Term Papers

The Arch Duke Francis Ferdinand Why The Duke Was Chosen. The Archduke was chosen as a target because Serbians feared that after his ascension to the persecutions of Serbs living within the ASTRO-Hungarian Empire of Serbia had gained independence from the OTTEMAN Empire in 1878. At the time, Serbia laid claimed to several regions of Bosnia, which were primarily inhabited by Serbs. However, the congress of Berlin granted permission to Austria-Hungary to occupy Bosnia and Herzegovina, including, including the disputed Serbian areas. I 1908, Austria-Hungary officially annexed all of occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina, adding additional fuel to the fires at Serbian nationalism. The Serbian terrorist organization, the Black Hand had trained a small group of teenage operatives a to infiltrate Bosnia and carryout the assassination of the Archduke. It's unclear how officially active the Serbian government was in the plot. However years later the leader of the Black Hand, colonel DRAGUTIN DIMITRIJEUC, was also head of the Serbian military intelligence. ATTEMPS OF DEATH ON THE ARCH As Francis Ferdinand and his party proceeded through Sarajevo, the first Black Hand operatives tossed a bomb at the Archduke's automobile. The chauffeur saw the explosive and accelerated to avoid the impact, Sophie ducked and Francis Ferdinand deflected the bomb with his arm causing it to bounce off the back of the car and explode behind them, demolishing the next car and seriously injuring several aides. To avoid capture, interrogation ext, the unsuccessful assassin, nine-teen-year-old Ned Elko Carbinovic, swallowed a Cyanide pill and jumped in to the river. However, he was hauled out of the river and detained. THE ARCHDUKE'S MURDER. As the Archduke's entourage resumed its tour of Sarajevo, the Archduke's chauffeur took a wrong turn and fired two pistol shots. One bullet hit Sophie, killing her instantly. The other hit Francis Ferdinand, who died within minutes. Like Carbinovic, Princip attemped suicide, but was captured before succeeding. Education Essays

Movies vs Books essays

Movies vs Books essays Air, food, water, shelter, and fire are important elements of life for human bings. Without those elements humans could not possibly survive. Those are the obvious ones, but have you ever thought of something else that you couldnt live without? When you answered that question did television, or books come to mind? If they didnt then think again. Entertainment is a very important part of our existence, especially in our culture. Without entertainment, whether it be individual or with a group, humans could not stay sane, hence could not survive. There are many types of entertainment. Humans, since Adam and Eve have been entertaining themselves in all sorts of different ways. As simple as playing with sticks and stones, and as complex as flying F-16 fighting jets; we need entertainment. Two of the most popular forms of entertainment today is watching televison, and reading books. Reading and writing is one of the oldest forms of communications. Throughout the ages stories have been past down from generation to generation through word of mouth, and through the advent of paper; books. One hundred years ago there was no radio, no cars, and no television. They entertained themselves in different ways then we do today. When they finished their work, instead of plopping themselves on the couch with the remote control, they either sat down with their family and talked, or they read. They read poems, mystery novels, science-fiction novels, romance novels, and so on. People one hundred years ago read much more than we do today, so does that make them smarter than we are today? When I sit down somewhere to read a book, I have to get prepared. I have to be in a quiet atmosphere, I have to be in the mood to read, and I must be prepared to sit down and read for a time period of at least an hour. If Im not able to do any one of those things when I start to read, then I will lose my concentration, and I will st...

Bullets in Victims Head Hate Crime or Parking Space

Bullets in Victims Head Hate Crime or Parking Space A Look into the Rational Choice Theory of Criminality Killing someone over a parking space is as absurd as receiving a death penalty for a stealing a bag of peanuts. Similarly, something is terribly wrong when experienced police officers with criminology background, succumbed to its potential as a motive for killing not one but three college students. This is because it is quite evident that the two victims were helpless female. The suspect, a college student who lived next door, describing himself as â€Å"Anti-theist†, deliberately shot them all in the head. These are clear evidence of motive but surprisingly ignored. It is irrational because the motive is contradictory to the fact that the duty to kill or not to kill is grounded on human morality, a norm of righteousness on which the evil of taking someone’s life is deeply ingrained. In other words, people by nature avoid wicked acts and unlikely to see any duty to end someone’s life for worthless things like a car parking space. Academic literature of human behavior suggests that there is an inherent, immeasurable and undiminished moral value attached to human life. In other words, human lives are priceless, equal in value and deserving of respect. Everyone, therefore, should honor the sanctity of human life regardless of race, religion, economic condition, and so on. This simple powerful moral truth about the value of life that most of  us accept and embed in our conscience is actually moral reason preventing us from hurting or killing anyone. It should be All Lives Matter rather than #MuslimLivesMatter. Also, you may read: Criminalize Cigarette Smoking   The Killing of Three Muslim-American College Students College Students   Most Criminals Plan and Make Rational Choices Considering the punishment and life implications of killing someone, it is very likely that a person who deliberately killed someone has an excellent and adequate reason. There is an indefinite variety of reason for people to kill other people but not all of them are justifiable. For example, a man who murdered his friend and later tells the court â€Å"My reason for killing him was that he broke my DVD player† is senseless and definitely not acceptable. If his reason was â€Å"He said to that my mother was a whore†, then perhaps for many, such reason is sufficient to kill someone. The problem, however, is that we are not living in a world in which aggression is an acceptable response to negative emotive language. In criminology, a rational person planning to commit a petty crime such as shoplifting, initially weigh the cost (arrest, imprisonment, shame, loss of job, etc.) and benefit (money, property, thrill, respect of peers, etc.) of the crime. Now, if the benefit is greater than the cost then a crime will be committed. Murder or killing someone is a different story, as violence does not necessary involves outrage, mental illness, or economic desperation. Murder for instance often involves planning, preparation, and making a rational choice. In real life, criminals are rational killers and far from those who randomly victimizing innocent people in movies. They normally carry and use their guns for more rational reasons such as self-protection, dangerous illegal activities, and so on. In fact, even in senseless killings, criminals have conscious motives such as revenge and they pick their targets with care. Although some killings are the result of anger and aggression, most offenders plan and make rational choices such as getting rid of witnesses, to avoid retaliation, and others. Clearly, killing three students by putting a bullet in their heads, women with Islamic headscarves, and executed by an Anti-theist, is beyond parking space dispute but rational motives.

In instruction box Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

In instruction box - Essay Example The threats are the elements that could lead the business to trouble. It is important to conduct a SWOT analysis as it may later inform the business planning steps that are directed to the realization of business objectives (Armstrong, 1996). Every serious business should conduct and implement a SWOT analysis every so often to evaluate its position in the market. This paper will involve a SWOT analysis of Nike Company and will go further to analyse what businesses need to do to gain a stronger market position. About Nike Company Nike Incorporated is a multinational business that designs, develops and markets apparel, footwear, accessories and equipment. The American company has its headquarters in the Portland metropolitan area of Oregon. Nike as the company is popularly referred to is among the fortune 500 companies and boasts of being a leading producer of apparel, sports equipment and athletic shoes in the world (Nike Inc., 2013). Established in 1964 under the name of Blue Ribbon Sports, the corporation has several brands to its name, the main ones being Nike, Nike Skateboarding, Nike Golf, and Nike Pro. The organization has a number of subsidiaries including Converse and Hurley International, operates a number of retail stores, and sponsors several high profile sports teams and athletes from different nations across the globe. Nike SWOT Analysis Strengths Nike Inc. enjoys several strengths to its advantage. The company has been in existence since 1964 which may translate to a lot of experience in its field. The Nike brand has become a global brand over the years and enjoys strong brand equity. Given that the brand is linked with many famous athletes and favorite sports teams, it enjoys a huge amount of endorsements from its beneficiaries and by extension, the support of the masses spread across the world (Marketing Teacher, 2013). It is a fact that the establishment of manufacturing plants, buildings and other immovable assets cost huge capital investments and ties an organization’s finances. While many organizations have their capital tied to such assets as buildings and factories, this is not the case with Nike Inc. The corporation also does not have its capital tied to workers engaged in the production of its products. This being the case, the business thrives on a lean workforce and therefore operates on a lean budget. Furthermore, relying on the facilities of other organizations to manufacture its products gives Nike the opportunity to produce its products at the lowest possible costs without compromising on quality (Marketing Teacher, 2013). This arrangement affords Nike huge profit margins especially considering that it thrives on a lean workforce and budget. The organization has a robust research and development team that work toward coming up with high quality innovative products. The organization is one that produces branded clothing - a field in which there is little to innovate about (Tech Analysis Blogger, 2013). W hile this is the case, the company has managed to come up with innovative products that meet the needs of various demographics. The company also has a high score with regard to its environmental record. The Clean Air-Cool Planet, the company among the top companies that are climate friendly. Weaknesses One of the weaknesses that

Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

Marketing Management - Essay Example Since opening its first store in Bugis Junction in Singapore, BreadTalk has greatly transformed the bread industry. In the recent past, Breadtalk has been focusing on events that aim at maximizing brand awareness. This has led to increased popularity of the company such that it was ranked as the best company in Bakery Category for Top Brand 2010 in Indonesia3. BreadTalk outlets are located in places that are easily accessible characterized by high pedestrian traffic flow. This acts as a marketing strategy since customers can purchase products as they walk by4. Additionally, most outlet are located close to public transport systems for instance bus terminals, Light Rail, and Mass Rapid Transit stations. Another product position strategy is locating some outlets near popular department stores and supermarkets5 Books , Hephaestus. Articles on Singaporean Cuisine, Including: Singapore Sling, Breadtalk, Bengawan Solo (Company), Koka Noodles, YA Kun Kaya Toast, Yeo Hiap Seng, Bee Cheng Hiang, Fragrance Foodstuff, Tee Yih Jia, Spring Home, Happy Belly, Master Chef. New York: Hephaestus Books,

Limitations Of Text Based Image Retrieval Psychology Essay

Limitations Of Text Based Image Retrieval Psychology Essay Sometimes a relevant image might be left out owed to the absence of specific keywords. While often there might be no relevant text surrounding the images or videos, but they are relevant. In fact, there might exist images or videos where the surrounding text has nothing to do with them. In these cases, these returned results might be irrelevant and have nothing in common with the required images and videos. The other approach uses the annotation of the images and vides and is often a manual task. The text-based technique first annotates with text, and then uses text-based retrieval techniques to perform image and video retrieval. Annotation of images and videos lets the user to annotate the image with the text (metadata) that is considered relevant. The text can be time, event, location, participants or whatever the user finds relevant. 2.6.1.1. Limitations of Text based Image Retrieval: Nevertheless, there exist two major difficulties, especially when the volume of image collections is large with hundreds of thousands samples. One is the huge amount of human labor required in manual image/video annotation and is very time-consuming. Textual based retrieval cannot append the perceptual significant visual features like color, shape, texture [Bimbo. 1999]. The other difficulty comes from the rich content in the images and the subjectivity of human perception which is more essential. The annotation of the image and videos completely depends on the annotation interpretation [Enser et al 1993] i.e. different people may perceive the same image differently as shown in the figure 3 . The perception subjectivity and annotation impreciseness may cause unrecoverable mismatches in later retrieval processes. And to retrieve the required data the user constructs a query consisting of the keywords that describes the desired image and video. Although the text based retrieval system has gained benefits of traditionally successful information retrieval algorithms and techniques. Figure 3: Multiple interpretation of same images Park like Tree, Sky, Horse, People, Ridding, Sunny Day, Outdoor Critics of text-based approach dispute that for accurate image annotation it must be automated. The automatic annotation is limited due to its deficiency of extracting semantic information from the images and videos. Only automatic annotation of images and videos in integration with pure text-based image retrieval will be inadequate. The available metadata is mostly restricted to the technical information surrounding the image or video, such as time, resolution of the image or video and name of the image or video. The users may find it difficult to use text to perform a query for some portion of the content of an image or video. Text-based retrieval techniques are absolutely limited to search the metadata that is tagged to the image or video. If the text queried is not annotated with the same tag as attached with the image or video, the data is not returned. This means that if a particular piece of the image or video is interesting this must be explicit included in the metadata. If the desired object is not a main part of the image or video, sometimes it may happen that is not described in the metadata and hence cannot be a retrieve as a result from a query describing such portions of the image or video. One of the disadvantages of text-based image retrieval is that a word can have different meanings. This problem is best illustrated with an example, searching for the images or videos of jaguar or Apple. The system cant differentiate either the user is looking for the jaguar car or jaguar animal as shown in the figure 4. The two concepts have the same name but contain an entirely different semantic idea. The retrieval systems dont have reliable ways to separate the concepts. These problems are present even in systems with automatic synonym lists or thesaurus capabilities [Schank et al. 2004]. There exist several text-based image retrieval services today, Google is a large player. Google is the largest player but still faces the same problem. Figure 4: Same name different Semantics Attempts have been made to make the tags attached to the image or videos more flexible by attaching vast number of descriptive words. The thesaurus based annotation or knowledge based annotation has gained much of the researchers attention [Tring et al. 2000]. Recent development in video retrieval has focused on models that combine several modalities for joint indexing and retrieval. Consideration to the demands, researchers concluded that visual features play a crucial role in the effective retrieval of digital data. This initiates to the development of the content based image and video retrieval [Venters et al. 2000]. 2.6.2. Content based Image Retrieval: The need to manage these images and locate target images in response to user queries has become a significant problem. One way to solve this problem would be describing the image by keywords. The keyword based approach has a bottleneck of manually annotating and classifying the images and videos, which is impractical for the overwhelm corpuses. The human perception subjectivity problem may affect the performance of the retrieval system. Current commercial image and video search engines retrieve the data mainly based on their keyword annotations or by other data attach with it, such as the file-name and surrounding text. This relinquishes the actual image and video more or less ignored and has been following limitations. First, the manual annotation of images requires significant effort and thus may not be practical for large image collections. Second, as the complexity of the images increases, capturing image content by text alone becomes increasingly more difficult. In seeking to overcome these limitations, content-based retrieval (CBR) was proposed in the early 1990s [Baeza-Yates et al. 1999]. Content-based means that the technology makes direct use of content of the image and video rather than relying on human annotation of metadata with keywords. Content-based retrieval (CBR) research endeavors to devise a retrieval system that exploits digital content in the retrieval process in a manner that is eventually independent of manual work. CBR is an umbrella term for content-based multimedia retrieval (CBMR), content based visual information retrieval (CBVIR), content-based image retrieval (CBIR), content-based video retrieval (CBVR) and content-based audio retrieval (CBAR). CBR may also be termed as multimedia information retrieval (MIR). Content based retrieval extract the feature of the image or video themselves and use it for retrieval rather than the user generated meat data. CBR uses the primitive features of the image and video like the color, shape, texture, motion etc. [Sharmin et al. 2002]. Content based system index the images and videos automatically by using different techniques for their visual contents. For the computer, a video is merely a group of frames with a temporal feature, where each frame is basically an image. The computer take each image as a combination of pixels characterize by the low-level color, shape and texture. CBR represents these features in the form of vectors called the descriptors of the image or video. CBR extract these primitive features by using automated techniques and then further use it for searching and retrieval. Thus, these low-level visual features extraction from images and videos has initiated to the many research in the CBR [Veltkamp et al 2000]. A typical CBIR system should be able to interpret the content of the images in a query and a collection, compare the similarity between them, and rank the images in the collection according to their degree of relevance to the users query [Tamura at al. 1984]. The figure 5 shows the typical content based retrieval system. Retrieval deals with the problem of finding the relevant data from the collection of images or videos according to the user request. The user request may be in the form of the textual data or in the form of query by example. Its relatively easy to extract the low level features from the images and videos in the query as well as in the collection and then compare it. Figure 5: Typical Architecture of Content Based Retrieval The paramount objective of CBR is efficiency during image and video search and retrieval, thereby reducing the need for human intervention. Computer can retrieve the images and videos by using CBR techniques from the large corpus without the human assumption. These low level extracted features then represent the image or video and these features are used later on for performing the similarity comparison between the other images or videos in the corpus. These extracted features serve like a signature for images and videos. Images and videos are compared by using different similarity comparison techniques. They are compared by calculating the dissimilarity of its characteristic components to other image or video descriptors. CBR approach shows substantial results with the queries like show me the images or videos of the red color, Show me the image with blue color is above the green color etc. The available automated CBR techniques deal such a type of queries elegantly but flunk to cope with the high level semantic queries like Show me the images or videos of the people in the park, people on the beach, car on the road etc. Such type of queries cannot be tackled successfully by the CBR systems. These queries require more sophisticated techniques to extract the actual semantics abstracted inside it. Related work in CBR from the perspective of images can be found from the overview studies of [Rui et al. 1999], [Smeulders et al. 2000], [Vasconcelos et al. 2001], [Eakins 2002], [Kherfi et al. 2004], [Datta et al. 2005] , [Chen et al. 2004], [Dunckley 2003], [Santini. 2001] [ Santini et al.2001], [Lew et al. 2001], and [Bimbo et al. 1999]. CBIR has received considerable research interest in the last decade [Vasconcelos et al. 2001] and has evolved and matured into a distinct research field. The CBIR mainly comprises of two main steps feature extraction and the similarity measurement. These key technical components of the CBIR system will be introduced in the following sections. 2.6.2.1. Feature Extraction: Images are described by visual words just like text is defined by textual words In fact, an image or a video frame is merely a rectangular grid of colored pixels for a computer. And to a computer an image doesnt mean anything, unless it is told how to interpret it. Image and video descriptors are intended for the motive of image or video retrieval. Descriptors seek to apprehend the image or video characteristics in such a way that it is facile for the retrieval system to identify how similar two images or videos are according to the users interest. CBR system index images or videos by using the low-level features of the image and videos itself, such as colour [Pass et al. 1998, Smith et al. 1996a, Swain et al. 1991], texture [Manjunath et al.1996, Sheikholeslami et al. 1994, Smith et al. 1996b], shape [Safar. M et al. 2000, Shahabi et al. 1999, Tao et al. 1999] , and structure features [Pickering et al. 2003, Howarth et al. 2005]. The color, shape and texture are the principal features of the images. The visual contents of images and videos are then symbolized a s a feature vector of floating numbers. For example, the colour, texture and shape features extracted from an image form an N-dimensional feature vector, and can be written as Where is a vector of its own, and is the colour, is texture and n3 is the shape. While for the video there is an additional vector, where is the motion. In the following section, we introduce the visual features to give an impression of how images and video framesncan be converted into a representation that the retrieval system can work with. 2.6.2.1.1. Color: A very common way to see at images is by analyzing the colors they contain. Colour is the most prominent visual feature in CBIR since it is well correlated with human visual perceptions of objects in an image. A digital colour image is represented as an array of pixels, where each pixel contains three or four tuples of colour components represented in a numerical form. The abstract mathematical representation of colours that computers are able to use is known as the colour model. The similarity between the images and the videos is calculated by using the color histogram value. The histogram depicts the specific values of the pixels inside the image or video frame. The current color based retrieval techniques divides the image into regions by using color proportion. The color based technique doesnt depend on the size and orientation of an image. Since 1980s various color based retrieval algorithms have been proposed [Smith et al. 1996 c]. A most basic form of color retrieval involves specifying color values that can be further used for retrieval. Indeed, Googles image and Picasa 3.0, can also provide the facility to the user to search the images that contain homogenous color composition. The most common representation of color information is in the form of color histogram and color moment. Color anglogram [Zhou X.S. et al. 2002], correlogram [Huang J. et al 1997], color co-occurrence matrix (CCM) [Shim S. et al. 2003] are some of the other feature representations for color. Figure 6: Color based image interpretation 2.6.2.1.1.1. Color Spaces: There are many color spaces designed for different systems and standards, but most of them can be converted by a simple transformation. i. RGB (Red-Green-Blue): Digital images are normally represented in RGB color space; it is the most commonly use color space in computers. It is a device dependent color space, which used in CRT monitors. ii. CMY (Cyan-Magenta-Yellow), CMYK (CMY-Black): It is a subtractive color space for printing, it models the effect of color ink on white paper. Black component is use for enhancing the effect of black color. iii. HSB (Hue, Saturation, Brightness) or HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value): It was used to model the properties of human perception. It is an additive color model. However it is inconvenient to calculate color distance due to its discontinuity of hue at 360. iv. YIQ, YCbCr, YUV: Used in television broadcast standards. Y is the luminance component for backward compatibility to monochrome signal and other components are for chrominance. It is also used in some image compression standards (e.g. JPEG) that process luminance and chrominance separately. Figure 7: The additive colour model HSV 2.6.2.1.1.2. Color Models: A color model is an abstract mathematical model describing the way colors can be represented as tuples of numbers, typically as three or four values or color components. When this model is associated with a precise description of how the components are to be interpreted (viewing conditions, etc.), the resulting set of colors is called color space  [1]  . A color model is a formularized system for composing different of colors from a set of primary colors. There are two types of color models, subtractive and additive. An additive color model uses light emitted directly from a source. The additive color model typically uses primary color i.e. red, green and blue light to produce the other colors. Combination of any two of these additive primary colors in equal amounts produces the additive secondary colors or primary subtractive model colors i.e. cyan, magenta, and yellow. Integration of all these three colors RGB in equal intensities constitute white as shown in the Figurea8 a. Figure 8 (a): RGB: Additive Color for light-emitting computer monitors. Each colored light add to the previous colored lights. A subtractive color model illustrates the blending of paints, dyes,   and natural colorants to produce a full series of colors, each generated by subtracting (absorbing) some wavelengths of light and reflecting the others. Colors observed in subtractive models are the due to reflected light. Different wavelength lights constitute different colors. The CMYK model (Cyan-Magenta-Yellow-blacK) model is the subtractive model. The combination of any two of these primary subtractive model color i.e.(Cyan, Magenta, Yellow) results in the primary additive model or secondary subtractive model color i.e. red, blue, green and the convergence of it constitute black color as shown in the figure 8 b. Figure 8 (b): CMYK: Subtractive colors for Printer. Each color added to the first color blocks the reflection of color, thus subtracts color. For some of the concepts the color scheme helps in achieving suitable results like forest, sky, tree, grass, sea etc. The color descriptor will help in retrieving the accurate results. But for the categories like the car, house, street etc. Color descriptors cant play a vital role. The color descriptor will fail in a situation of the same car with different colors as shown in the figure 9. For the retrieval based on the color two most frequently used representative are color histogram and color moment. These representatives are represented in the section below. Figure 9: Same Car with different color composition a. Color Histogram: A histogram provides a summary of the distribution of a set of data. A color histogram provides a comprehensive overview of the image or video frame in terms of color. A colour histogram for a coloured image describes the different intensity value distributions for colours found in the image. The histogram intent to define the number of times each color appears in an image/video frame. Statistically, it utilizes a property that images having similar contents should have a similar color distribution. One simple approach is to count the number of pixels of each color and plot into a histogram. The histogram h of an image I is represented as: H(I)= Where pi is the percentage of i-th color in the color space, N is the number of colors in the color space. To enable scaling invariant property, the histogram sum is normalized to 1. The percentage is proportional to the number of pixels in the image. Figure 10: Shows the Color Histogram Mostly commercial CBR systems like Query-By-Image-Content uses color histogram as one of the feature for the retrieval. Colors are normally grouped in bins, so that every occurrence of a color contributes to the overall score of the bin it belongs to. The bin explains the intensities of different primary color i.e. quantity of red, blue or green for a particular pixel. It doesnt define individual color of the pixels. Histograms are usually normalized, so that images of different sizes can be fairly compared. The colour histogram is the most commonly and effectively used colour feature in CBIR [Swain et al. 1991, Faloutsos et al. 1994, Stricker et al. 1995, Deselaers et al. 2008, Chakravarti et al. 2009 and Smeulders et al. 2000]. Retrieving an images based on the colors technique is widely used because it does not depend on image size or orientation. The most common method to create a colour histogram is by splitting the range of the RGB intensity values into equal-sized bins. For example, a 24-bit RGB colour space contains 224 possible (RGB) values. Since this gives us approximately 16.8 million bins, it will be too large to be dealt with efficiently. Therefore, we need to quantize the feature space to a smaller number in order to reduce memory size and processing time; as examples [Stricker et al. 1995, Swain et al. 1991] have proposed techniques for colour space quantization. After having defined the bins, the numbers of pixels from the image that fall into each bin are counted. A colour histogram can be used to define the different distributions of RGB intensity values for a whole image, known as a global colour histogram, and for specific regions of an image, known as a local colour histogram. For a local colour histogram, the image is divided into several regions and a colour histogram is created for each region. A histogram refinement strategy has been proposed by Pass for comparing the images [Pass et al.1996]. Histogram refinement splits the pixels in a given bucket into several classes, based upon some local property. Within a given bucket, only pixels in the same class are compared. They describe a split histogram called a color coherence vector (CCV), which partitions each histogram bucket based on spatial coherence. [Han et al. 2002] proposed a new color histogram representation, called fuzzy color histogram (FCH), by considering the color similarity of each pixels color associated to all the histogram bins through fuzzy-set membership function. This approach is proves very fast and is further exploited in the application of image indexing and retrieval. The paradigm of the color histogram works on the assumption that all the images or videos frames with the similar color composition are similar [Jain et al. 1995]. It will retrieve all the data whose color composition is similar to the given query. This will be true in some cases. Color composition cant be the identity of the image or object inside the image. Color Moment: Color moment approach was proposed by [Stricker et al. 1995]. It is a very compact representation of color feature. The mathematical meaning of this approach is that any color distribution can be characterized by its moments. Moreover, most of the information is concentrated on the low-order moments, only the first moment, second and third central moments (mean, variance and skewness) were extracted as the color feature representation. Color similarity can be measured by Weighted Euclidean distance. Due to the ease and sound performance of color histogram technique it is widely used in color based retrieval systems. Color is the human visual perceptual property. Human discriminate an images or objects initially on the basis of colors. Color can be extracted from the digital data easily and automated and effective functions are available for calculating the similarity between the query and the data corpus. Color feature are effectively used for indexing and searching of color images in corpus. The existing CBIR techniques can typically be categorized on the basis of the feature it used for the retrieval i.e. color, shape, texture or combination of them. Color is an extensively utilized visual attribute that plays a vital role in retrieving the similar images [Low et al. 1998]. It has been observed that even though color plays a crucial role in image retrieval, when combined with other visual attributes it would yield much better results [Hsu et al. 1995]. This is because, two images with entirely similar color compositions, may have different color composition and sometimes two images have same color composition but they are not similar as shown in the figure. Hence something that looks similar is not semantically similar. The color composition of both the images in figure 11 is same but they depict the entirely different semantic idea. By analyzing both the images using the color based retrieval techniques both the images are similar

Differing Perceptions Effecting Communication

How have differing perceptions affected your communication with others? What steps might you take to avoid misunderstandings created by perceptual differences? I believe that differing perceptions between people is the greatest cause of misunderstanding in communication. Our text defines perception as â€Å"awareness of the elements of the environment made possible through our senses† (Walker, R. , 2011, pp. 22). The perceptual process is very much like the use of mental models that determine not only how we make sense of the world, but how we take action.It can significantly influence our overall approach in how we communicate with another person. Although there are many different steps one can take to avoid misunderstandings created by perceptual differences, there are two that I believe have the greatest impact. The first step is through expanding your intrapersonal intelligence. Our text defines intrapersonal intelligence as â€Å"the ability to form an accurate model of oneself and to use this model effectively† (Walker, R. , 2011, pp. 26). Intrapersonal intelligence is developed through the process of reflexivity.Our text defines reflexivity as â€Å"reflecting on our thoughts and actions to understand what motivates those thoughts and actions† (Walker, R. , 2011, pp. 26). Slowing down to better understand what is motivating our thoughts and actions allows us to make adjustments in our perceptions prior to communicating. This helps in avoiding perceptual inferences such as negative stereotypes and attribution. The second step is through expanding your interpersonal intelligence. Our text defines interpersonal intelligence as â€Å"the ability to understand other people: what motivates them, how they work, and how to work cooperatively with them† (Walker, R. 2011, pp. 26). Utilizing the skill of inquiry will aid in growing your interpersonal intelligence and ultimately reduce the impact the perceptual process may have. The more educated you are about another person’s position the better prepared you will be understand them and communicate with them. The power really comes in combining both of these steps while communicating. I’ve been using the skills of reflection and inquiry since learning about them last semester. I use them successfully at home with my wife and children and on the job with co-workers.Although I believe I have developed greater intrapersonal intelligence, I believe the increase in interpersonal intelligence has helped me even more while communicating with these people. In the past I didn’t take the time to understand what their motives and positions were while communicating. Now I make sure I better understand their position, including the perceptions supporting them. This allows me to see the situation from more angles before developing a response. Reference Walker, R. (2011). Strategic Management Communication for Leaders (2nd Edition. ) Mason, Ohio: South-Western , Cengage Learning.

The Life of Powhatan Indian Pocahontas

Birth: c.1594, Virginia Region Death: March 21, 1617, Gravesend, England Names: Pocahontas was a nickname meaning playful or naughty one. Here real name was MatoakaAfter her conversion to Christianity and baptism, Pocahontas was given the name Rebecca and became Lady Rebecca when she married John Rolfe. Pocohontas and John Smith: When Pocahontas was approximately 13 years old in 1607, she met John Smith of Jamestown, Virginia. They met in her fathers village which was called Werowocomoco on the north shore of what is now the York River. A tale often associated with Smith and Pocahontas is that she saved him from death by appealing to her father. However, this cannot be proven. In fact, the incident was not recorded until Pocahontas was traveling in London many years later. However, she did help the starving inhabitants of Jamestown during the winter of 1607-1608. First Marriage: Pocahontas was married between 1609 and 1612 to a Powhatan named Kocoum. It is believed that she might have had a baby girl who later died from this marriage. However, little more is known about this relationship. The Capture of Pocahontas: In 1612, the Powhatan Indians and the English settlers were becoming more hostile with each other. Eight Englishmen had been captured. In retaliation, Captain Samuel Argall captured Pocahontas. It was during this time that Pocahontas met and married John Rolfe who is credited with planting and selling the first tobacco crop in America. Lady Rebecca Rolfe: It is not known whether Pocahontas actually fell in love with Rolfe before they married. Some conjecture that their marriage was one condition of her release from captivity. Pocahontas converted to Christianity and was baptized Rebecca. She then married Rolfe on April 5, 1614. Powhatan gave his consent and presented Rolfe with a large piece of land. This marriage brought peace between the Powhatans and English until Chief Powhatans death in 1618. Thomas Rolfe Born: Pocahontas gave birth to Thomas Rolfe on January 30, 1615. Soon after, she along with her family and her sister Matchanna and her husband traveled to London. She was well received by the English. While in England she met back up with John Smith. Illness and Death: Rolfe and Pocahontas had decided to return to America in March 1616. However, Pocahontas got sick and soon thereafter died on March 21, 1616. She was only 22 years old. There is not real evidence to the cause of her death. She died in Gravesend, England, but the site of her death was destroyed years later when the church where she was buried was being rebuilt. Her son, Thomas, remained in England even though John Rolfe did return to America after her death. Many claim to be descendants of Pocahontas through Thomas including Nancy Reagan, Edith Wilson, and Thomas Jefferson Randolph, grandson to Thomas Jefferson. References: Ciment, James. Colonial America. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2006.

Dante s Devil Disappointing Or Fitting - 2013 Words

Dante s Devil: Disappointing or Fitting Whether a saint or a sinner is reading Dante s Inferno for the first time, he cannot help but enthusiastically anticipate the â€Å"arrival† of the Devil in the poem. How could he not? Man will either be motivated by his concupiscence or by his holy desire for justice; either force will compel him to look upon the most pitiable of creatures. With each passing canto, as Dante passes more and more malice-filled souls, a plethora of questions arise that demand answers; what will the once-great Light-Bearer be like now; what will his serpent-tongue communicate to Dante; can and will Dante be tempted by him? I myself longed with an ever increasing heart-rate to know what Dante had in store for me, the†¦show more content†¦one cannot be blown around as the souls in Circle II are and also feel the weight of the lead mantle that the hypocrites don in the sixth ditch of Circle VIII], in a way, it seems to befit Lucifer to undergo the punishments of each category. Does an absolute monarch not own everything under his kingdom, even if he doesn t have direct possession of all things at the same time? Though it is neither the first nor the last part of Hell, the Circle of Fraud is one of the most crucial to examine and determine the nature of Satan s punishment. With the sole exception of the second ring of Violence, the Circle of Fraud is the only circle in which a person s soul can be physically changed. Half of the ditches involve a distortion, perpetual sickness, or transformation. Satan, being the Father of Lies, is most justly transformed, like those fraudulent souls, into something he ought not to have been. â€Å"If he was fair as he is hideous now, / and raised his brow in scorn of his creator / he is fit to be the source of every sorrow.†1 In light of this quote, two things should be noted. The first is that Dante ties the Devil s form, both past and current, to his place in Salvation Hist ory as the â€Å"source of every sorrow.† The fact that he must have been so beautiful and still rebelled, leading angel and man astray through deception, required that he be changed to reflect his â€Å"heart.† This new form of Satan,